Interactive Oracle Proofs

Concept

Interactive Oracle Proofs (IOPs) are a generalization of interactive proofs where the verifier has oracle access to the prover’s messages, which are typically polynomials or Reed-Solomon codes. This concept allows for more efficient proof systems than traditional interactive proofs, especially in terms of prover complexity. IOPs form the foundation for many modern succinct transparent arguments of knowledge, such as STARKs. They bridge the gap between interactive and non-interactive proof systems.