Oracle Problem
The oracle problem refers to the challenge of securely and reliably feeding external, real-world data into a smart contract on a blockchain. Since blockchains are isolated, they cannot inherently access information such as asset prices or weather events from the outside world.
If a derivative relies on a price feed to determine settlement, that feed must be accurate, tamper-proof, and resistant to manipulation. Relying on a single source of data creates a central point of failure that could be exploited to manipulate the contract's outcome.
Solutions involve decentralized oracle networks that aggregate data from multiple independent sources to ensure reliability. This remains a critical area of study in smart contract security and market microstructure.