Rollup
A rollup is a scaling solution that executes transactions off-chain and then posts a compressed summary to the main blockchain. By doing this, it inherits the security of the underlying layer while significantly increasing throughput and reducing fees.
Rollups come in two main types: optimistic, which assume validity unless challenged, and zero-knowledge, which use mathematical proofs to verify correctness. They are a critical component of the modern modular blockchain stack.
Rollups allow for complex financial applications to operate at scale without sacrificing decentralization. They solve the trilemma of security, scalability, and decentralization by separating execution from settlement.
They represent the current state-of-the-art in blockchain scaling.