Memory Overhead

Memory overhead refers to the extra memory used by a program beyond what is required for the raw data itself. This includes padding, pointers, metadata, and object headers.

In large-scale financial systems, high memory overhead can lead to increased cache misses and higher garbage collection pressure, which hurts performance. Developers must balance the need for expressive data structures with the reality of memory constraints.

By optimizing data layout and minimizing unnecessary allocations, they can reduce the footprint of their applications, leading to better cache utilization and overall system efficiency.