# Market Impact Functions ⎊ Area ⎊ Resource 1 --- ## What is the Impact of Market Impact Functions? Market Impact Functions (MIFs) quantify the price change resulting from a trade, crucial for understanding order execution strategy and risk management in cryptocurrency, options, and derivatives markets. These functions model the relationship between trade size and resultant price movement, acknowledging that larger orders inherently exert greater pressure on asset prices. Accurate MIFs are essential for minimizing slippage, optimizing trade execution venues, and informing dynamic order placement strategies, particularly within the volatile crypto landscape where liquidity can be fragmented. Sophisticated MIF models incorporate factors like order book depth, market maker behavior, and the presence of informed traders to provide more granular price impact estimates. ## What is the Algorithm of Market Impact Functions? The development of robust Market Impact Functions often relies on algorithmic approaches, leveraging historical trade data and high-frequency market microstructure information. These algorithms can range from simple linear regressions to complex machine learning models, such as recurrent neural networks, capable of capturing non-linear price impact dynamics. Calibration of these algorithms requires substantial datasets and rigorous backtesting to ensure accuracy and prevent overfitting, especially when applied to novel crypto derivatives. Furthermore, adaptive algorithms that dynamically adjust MIF parameters based on real-time market conditions are increasingly employed to enhance execution performance. ## What is the Calibration of Market Impact Functions? Effective calibration of Market Impact Functions necessitates a meticulous process involving both theoretical modeling and empirical validation. Initial parameter estimation typically involves fitting the MIF to historical order book data, using techniques like maximum likelihood estimation or least squares regression. Subsequent backtesting against simulated or real-world trading scenarios is vital to assess the MIF's predictive power and identify potential biases. Regular recalibration is essential to account for evolving market dynamics, regulatory changes, and shifts in trading behavior, ensuring the MIF remains a reliable tool for price impact assessment. --- ## [Market Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/market-impact/) The change in an asset's price caused by the execution of a specific trade. ⎊ Definition ## [Funding Rate Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/funding-rate-impact/) The periodic payment mechanism in perpetual futures used to align derivative prices with the underlying spot price. ⎊ Definition ## [Gas Cost Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-cost-impact/) Meaning ⎊ Gas Cost Impact represents the financial friction from network transaction fees, fundamentally altering options pricing and rebalancing strategies in decentralized markets. ⎊ Definition ## [Market Microstructure Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/market-microstructure-impact/) Analyzing how exchange mechanisms, rules, and participant behavior shape price discovery and liquidity. ⎊ Definition ## [Gas Fee Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-fee-impact/) Meaning ⎊ Gas fee impact in crypto options creates a non-linear cost structure that distorts pricing models and dictates liquidity provision in decentralized markets. ⎊ Definition ## [Consensus Mechanisms Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/consensus-mechanisms-impact/) Meaning ⎊ Consensus mechanisms dictate a blockchain's risk profile, directly influencing derivative pricing models and settlement guarantees through finality, MEV, and collateral requirements. ⎊ Definition ## [Gas Fees Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-fees-impact/) Meaning ⎊ Gas Fees Impact represents the variable cost constraint that fundamentally alters the pricing and systemic risk profile of decentralized options contracts. ⎊ Definition ## [Price Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/price-impact/) The direct change in an asset price caused by the size of a trade relative to the available liquidity in a pool. ⎊ Definition ## [Market Depth Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/market-depth-impact/) Meaning ⎊ Market depth impact quantifies the cost of execution and hedging slippage, revealing structural liquidity risks in crypto options markets. ⎊ Definition ## [Network Congestion Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/network-congestion-impact/) The effect of high transaction volume on the timeliness and cost of critical on-chain data updates. ⎊ Definition ## [High-Impact Jump Risk](https://term.greeks.live/term/high-impact-jump-risk/) Meaning ⎊ High-Impact Jump Risk refers to sudden price discontinuities in crypto markets, challenging continuous-time option pricing models and necessitating advanced risk management strategies. ⎊ Definition ## [Market Volatility Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/market-volatility-impact/) The effect of rapid price swings on trading costs, slippage, and the stability of derivative positions. ⎊ Definition ## [Liquidity Fragmentation Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/liquidity-fragmentation-impact/) Reduced market efficiency and increased slippage caused by capital dispersion across multiple disconnected trading venues. ⎊ Definition ## [Oracle Manipulation Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/oracle-manipulation-impact/) Meaning ⎊ Oracle manipulation exploits the data integrity layer of smart contracts, posing a systemic risk to crypto options and derivatives by enabling forced settlements at artificial prices. ⎊ Definition ## [Oracle Failure Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/oracle-failure-impact/) The negative consequences resulting from inaccurate or manipulated data feeds provided to smart contract protocols. ⎊ Definition ## [Regulatory Arbitrage Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/regulatory-arbitrage-impact/) The strategic use of jurisdictional differences to bypass restrictive regulations and optimize financial operations. ⎊ Definition ## [Non-Linear Cost Functions](https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-cost-functions/) Meaning ⎊ Non-linear cost functions define how decentralized derivative protocols automate risk management by adjusting pricing and collateral requirements based on market state and liquidity depth. ⎊ Definition ## [Gas Fee Impact Modeling](https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-fee-impact-modeling/) Meaning ⎊ Gas fee impact modeling quantifies the non-linear cost and risk introduced by volatile blockchain transaction fees on decentralized options pricing and execution. ⎊ Definition ## [Gas Fee Volatility Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-fee-volatility-impact/) Meaning ⎊ Gas fee volatility acts as a non-linear systemic risk in decentralized options markets, complicating pricing models and hindering capital efficiency. ⎊ Definition ## [Verifiable Delay Functions](https://term.greeks.live/definition/verifiable-delay-functions/) Cryptographic tools forcing sequential computation time to prevent pre-computation or manipulation of random outputs. ⎊ Definition ## [Non-Linear Functions](https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-functions/) Meaning ⎊ The volatility skew is a non-linear function reflecting the market's asymmetrical pricing of tail risk, where implied volatility varies across different strike prices. ⎊ Definition ## [MEV Impact on Fees](https://term.greeks.live/term/mev-impact-on-fees/) Meaning ⎊ MEV Impact on Fees measures the hidden cost imposed on crypto options market participants through inflated transaction fees resulting from competitive transaction ordering. ⎊ Definition ## [Volatility Skew Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/volatility-skew-impact/) The influence of differing implied volatilities across strike prices on portfolio risk and margin requirements. ⎊ Definition ## [Non-Linear Payoff Functions](https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-payoff-functions/) Meaning ⎊ Non-Linear Payoff Functions define the asymmetric, convex risk profile of options, enabling pure volatility exposure and serving as a critical mechanism for systemic risk transfer. ⎊ Definition ## [High Gas Fees Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/high-gas-fees-impact/) Meaning ⎊ The Transaction Cost Delta is a systemic risk variable quantifying the non-linear impact of volatile on-chain execution costs on the fair pricing and risk management of decentralized crypto options. ⎊ Definition ## [Order Book Market Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/order-book-market-impact/) Meaning ⎊ Order Book Depth Decay is the non-linear erosion of market liquidity caused by the accelerating, pro-cyclical hedging flows of options market makers. ⎊ Definition ## [Order Book Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/order-book-impact/) Meaning ⎊ Order Book Impact quantifies the immediate price degradation resulting from trade execution relative to available liquidity depth in digital markets. ⎊ Definition ## [Gas Impact on Greeks](https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-impact-on-greeks/) Meaning ⎊ Gas Impact on Greeks defines the non-linear relationship between blockchain transaction costs and the mathematical sensitivities of derivative risks. ⎊ Definition ## [Non-Linear Price Impact](https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-price-impact/) Meaning ⎊ Non-linear price impact defines the exponential slippage and liquidity exhaustion occurring as trade size scales within decentralized financial systems. ⎊ Definition ## [Order Book Depth Impact](https://term.greeks.live/definition/order-book-depth-impact/) The effect of order volume at different price levels on market stability and price movement. ⎊ Definition --- ## Raw Schema Data ```json { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://term.greeks.live/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Area", "item": "https://term.greeks.live/area/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Market Impact Functions", "item": "https://term.greeks.live/area/market-impact-functions/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4, "name": "Resource 1", "item": "https://term.greeks.live/area/market-impact-functions/resource/1/" } ] } ``` ```json { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is the Impact of Market Impact Functions?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Market Impact Functions (MIFs) quantify the price change resulting from a trade, crucial for understanding order execution strategy and risk management in cryptocurrency, options, and derivatives markets. 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The central part features layered rings with a glowing neon green core and a surrounding blue ring, resembling a futuristic eye or a vortex of energy." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-cost-functions/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-cost-functions/", "headline": "Non-Linear Cost Functions", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Non-linear cost functions define how decentralized derivative protocols automate risk management by adjusting pricing and collateral requirements based on market state and liquidity depth. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-20T09:17:02+00:00", "dateModified": "2025-12-20T09:17:02+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/cross-chain-asset-collateralization-and-interoperability-validation-mechanism-for-decentralized-financial-derivatives.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A cylindrical blue object passes through the circular opening of a triangular-shaped, off-white plate. The plate's center features inner green and outer dark blue rings." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-fee-impact-modeling/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-fee-impact-modeling/", "headline": "Gas Fee Impact Modeling", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Gas fee impact modeling quantifies the non-linear cost and risk introduced by volatile blockchain transaction fees on decentralized options pricing and execution. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-20T10:28:17+00:00", "dateModified": "2025-12-20T10:28:17+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/precision-digital-asset-contract-architecture-modeling-volatility-and-strike-price-mechanics.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "The image displays two stylized, cylindrical objects with intricate mechanical paneling and vibrant green glowing accents against a deep blue background. The objects are positioned at an angle, highlighting their futuristic design and contrasting colors." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-fee-volatility-impact/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-fee-volatility-impact/", "headline": "Gas Fee Volatility Impact", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Gas fee volatility acts as a non-linear systemic risk in decentralized options markets, complicating pricing models and hindering capital efficiency. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-21T09:10:20+00:00", "dateModified": "2025-12-21T09:10:20+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/decentralized-finance-protocol-algorithmic-volatility-dampening-mechanism-for-derivative-settlement-optimization.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "The image displays a cutaway view of a precision technical mechanism, revealing internal components including a bright green dampening element, metallic blue structures on a threaded rod, and an outer dark blue casing. The assembly illustrates a mechanical system designed for precise movement control and impact absorption." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/verifiable-delay-functions/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/verifiable-delay-functions/", "headline": "Verifiable Delay Functions", "description": "Cryptographic tools forcing sequential computation time to prevent pre-computation or manipulation of random outputs. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-21T10:41:06+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-03-22T19:20:24+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/smart-contract-collateralized-options-protocol-architecture-demonstrating-risk-pathways-and-liquidity-settlement-algorithms.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "The image displays a close-up view of a complex abstract structure featuring intertwined blue cables and a central white and yellow component against a dark blue background. A bright green tube is visible on the right, contrasting with the surrounding elements." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-functions/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-functions/", "headline": "Non-Linear Functions", "description": "Meaning ⎊ The volatility skew is a non-linear function reflecting the market's asymmetrical pricing of tail risk, where implied volatility varies across different strike prices. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-22T08:46:07+00:00", "dateModified": "2025-12-22T08:46:07+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/algorithmic-market-maker-core-mechanism-illustrating-decentralized-finance-governance-and-yield-generation-principles.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A detailed digital rendering showcases a complex mechanical device composed of interlocking gears and segmented, layered components. The core features brass and silver elements, surrounded by teal and dark blue casings." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/mev-impact-on-fees/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/mev-impact-on-fees/", "headline": "MEV Impact on Fees", "description": "Meaning ⎊ MEV Impact on Fees measures the hidden cost imposed on crypto options market participants through inflated transaction fees resulting from competitive transaction ordering. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-23T08:38:42+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-04T20:34:46+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/precision-algorithmic-trading-engine-for-decentralized-derivatives-valuation-and-automated-hedging-strategies.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A high-tech, futuristic mechanical object, possibly a precision drone component or sensor module, is rendered in a dark blue, cream, and bright blue color palette. The front features a prominent, glowing green circular element reminiscent of an active lens or data input sensor, set against a dark, minimal background." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/volatility-skew-impact/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/volatility-skew-impact/", "headline": "Volatility Skew Impact", "description": "The influence of differing implied volatilities across strike prices on portfolio risk and margin requirements. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-23T09:08:57+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-04-08T09:47:58+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/quantifying-algorithmic-risk-parameters-for-options-trading-and-defi-protocols-focusing-on-volatility-skew-and-price-discovery.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A futuristic device, likely a sensor or lens, is rendered in high-tech detail against a dark background. The central dark blue body features a series of concentric, glowing neon-green rings, framed by angular, cream-colored structural elements." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-payoff-functions/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-payoff-functions/", "headline": "Non-Linear Payoff Functions", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Non-Linear Payoff Functions define the asymmetric, convex risk profile of options, enabling pure volatility exposure and serving as a critical mechanism for systemic risk transfer. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2026-01-02T13:38:52+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-04T21:17:29+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/complex-structured-note-design-incorporating-automated-risk-mitigation-and-dynamic-payoff-structures.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A stylized, high-tech object with a sleek design is shown against a dark blue background. The core element is a teal-green component extending from a layered base, culminating in a bright green glowing lens." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/high-gas-fees-impact/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/high-gas-fees-impact/", "headline": "High Gas Fees Impact", "description": "Meaning ⎊ The Transaction Cost Delta is a systemic risk variable quantifying the non-linear impact of volatile on-chain execution costs on the fair pricing and risk management of decentralized crypto options. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2026-01-11T11:18:07+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-11T11:19:33+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/quantifying-volatility-cascades-in-cryptocurrency-derivatives-leveraging-implied-volatility-analysis.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A smooth, continuous helical form transitions in color from off-white through deep blue to vibrant green against a dark background. The glossy surface reflects light, emphasizing its dynamic contours as it twists." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/order-book-market-impact/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/order-book-market-impact/", "headline": "Order Book Market Impact", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Order Book Depth Decay is the non-linear erosion of market liquidity caused by the accelerating, pro-cyclical hedging flows of options market makers. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2026-01-14T12:19:48+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-14T12:20:18+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/algorithmic-trading-infrastructure-visualization-demonstrating-automated-market-maker-risk-management-and-oracle-feed-integration.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A close-up view of a high-tech mechanical component, rendered in dark blue and black with vibrant green internal parts and green glowing circuit patterns on its surface. Precision pieces are attached to the front section of the cylindrical object, which features intricate internal gears visible through a green ring." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/order-book-impact/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/order-book-impact/", "headline": "Order Book Impact", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Order Book Impact quantifies the immediate price degradation resulting from trade execution relative to available liquidity depth in digital markets. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2026-01-14T12:25:48+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-14T12:26:48+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/layered-risk-tranches-in-decentralized-finance-collateralization-and-options-hedging-mechanisms.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "The composition features a sequence of nested, U-shaped structures with smooth, glossy surfaces. The color progression transitions from a central cream layer to various shades of blue, culminating in a vibrant neon green outer edge." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-impact-on-greeks/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/gas-impact-on-greeks/", "headline": "Gas Impact on Greeks", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Gas Impact on Greeks defines the non-linear relationship between blockchain transaction costs and the mathematical sensitivities of derivative risks. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2026-01-29T22:49:30+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-29T22:51:32+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/decentralized-perpetual-futures-liquidity-pool-engine-simulating-options-greeks-volatility-and-risk-management.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A high-angle view of a futuristic mechanical component in shades of blue, white, and dark blue, featuring glowing green accents. The object has multiple cylindrical sections and a lens-like element at the front." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-price-impact/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/non-linear-price-impact/", "headline": "Non-Linear Price Impact", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Non-linear price impact defines the exponential slippage and liquidity exhaustion occurring as trade size scales within decentralized financial systems. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2026-02-04T16:34:26+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-02-04T16:35:49+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/algorithmic-perpetual-swaps-liquidity-provision-and-hedging-strategy-evolution-in-decentralized-finance.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A macro-photographic perspective shows a continuous abstract form composed of distinct colored sections, including vibrant neon green and dark blue, emerging into sharp focus from a blurred background. The helical shape suggests continuous motion and a progression through various stages or layers." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/order-book-depth-impact/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/order-book-depth-impact/", "headline": "Order Book Depth Impact", "description": "The effect of order volume at different price levels on market stability and price movement. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2026-02-07T11:44:44+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-03-28T11:34:50+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/intricate-layered-architecture-of-perpetual-futures-contracts-collateralization-and-options-derivatives-risk-management.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A detailed view showcases nested concentric rings in dark blue, light blue, and bright green, forming a complex mechanical-like structure. The central components are precisely layered, creating an abstract representation of intricate internal processes." } } ], "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/layered-risk-tranches-in-decentralized-finance-collateralization-and-options-hedging-mechanisms.jpg" } } ``` --- **Original URL:** https://term.greeks.live/area/market-impact-functions/resource/1/