Casper FFG

Mechanism

Casper FFG functions as the primary gadget for Ethereum, providing a hybrid approach to bridge proof-of-work with proof-of-stake finality. This protocol introduces a deterministic checkpoint system that allows validators to cast votes on specific blocks, thereby anchoring the canonical chain state. By mandating a supermajority of the total staked ether, it ensures that once a checkpoint reaches finality, the transaction history is practically immutable under normal network operations.