# Back Running ⎊ Area ⎊ Resource 1 --- ## What is the Mechanism of Back Running? Back running is a predatory trading strategy where an actor observes a pending transaction in a blockchain's mempool and executes a new transaction immediately after it to profit from the resulting price movement. This technique exploits the public visibility of transaction data before it is included in a block. The back runner typically submits a transaction with a higher gas fee to ensure their order is processed directly following the target transaction, capitalizing on the price impact of the initial trade. This practice is a form of Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) extraction, specifically targeting large trades that cause significant price shifts in decentralized exchange liquidity pools. ## What is the Consequence of Back Running? The primary consequence of back running is a reduction in execution quality for the original trader, resulting in a worse price than initially anticipated. This hidden cost, often referred to as slippage, diminishes the profitability of large trades and creates an unfair market environment for retail participants. The practice also contributes to network congestion as bots compete to secure favorable transaction ordering, driving up gas fees for all users. This dynamic can erode trust in decentralized financial systems by creating an uneven playing field. ## What is the Mitigation of Back Running? Mitigation strategies for back running focus on reducing the transparency of pending transactions and implementing fair ordering mechanisms. Private transaction relays allow users to submit orders directly to block builders without broadcasting them to the public mempool, eliminating the opportunity for observation and exploitation. Protocols like SUAVE aim to create a unified order flow where transactions are processed fairly, preventing malicious reordering. These solutions seek to protect users from value extraction and improve overall market efficiency. --- ## [MEV Extraction](https://term.greeks.live/definition/mev-extraction/) The profit captured by reordering or censoring transactions within a block to exploit market inefficiencies. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running](https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running/) Exploiting knowledge of pending transactions to trade ahead and capture profit from subsequent price movements. ⎊ Definition ## [Information Asymmetry](https://term.greeks.live/definition/information-asymmetry/) A condition where one market participant holds superior knowledge, leading to an unfair advantage in trading outcomes. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Prevention](https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-prevention/) Methods and protocols designed to protect users from predatory trading practices where pending orders are exploited for profit. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Attacks](https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-attacks/) Meaning ⎊ Front-running in crypto options exploits public mempool visibility and transaction ordering to extract value from users' trades before they execute on-chain. ⎊ Definition ## [Sandwich Attacks](https://term.greeks.live/definition/sandwich-attacks/) Manipulating price by placing trades before and after a victim's order to capture value. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Mitigation](https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-mitigation/) Strategies to prevent unfair transaction sequencing and exploitation in decentralized trading environments. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Risk](https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-risk/) The risk of pending transactions being exploited by bots or miners for profit before they are confirmed on the blockchain. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Exploits](https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-exploits/) Meaning ⎊ Front-running exploits in crypto options leverage information asymmetry in the mempool to anticipate state changes and profit from transaction ordering. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Protection](https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-protection/) Meaning ⎊ Front-running protection in crypto options neutralizes predatory order flow manipulation by altering market microstructure to prevent value extraction from pending transactions. ⎊ Definition ## [Liquidation Front-Running](https://term.greeks.live/definition/liquidation-front-running/) The act of executing a liquidation transaction ahead of others to claim the associated bonus in lending protocols. ⎊ Definition ## [Sandwich Attack](https://term.greeks.live/definition/sandwich-attack/) A manipulation tactic where an attacker exploits pending transactions to profit from the resulting price movement. ⎊ Definition ## [Back Running](https://term.greeks.live/term/back-running/) Meaning ⎊ Back running is a strategic value extraction method in crypto derivatives where transactions are placed immediately after large trades to capture temporary arbitrage opportunities created by market state changes. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Strategies](https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-strategies/) The practice of observing pending transactions to submit a competing trade that executes first for profit. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Attack](https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-attack/) Meaning ⎊ Front-running in crypto options exploits public mempool transparency to extract value from large trades and liquidations, creating systemic inefficiency by embedding an additional cost into options pricing. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Liquidations](https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-liquidations/) Meaning ⎊ Front-running liquidations exploit public transaction data to profit from forced sales in decentralized options protocols, transferring value from users to sophisticated automated agents. ⎊ Definition ## [MEV Front-Running](https://term.greeks.live/definition/mev-front-running/) Inserting transactions ahead of others in the mempool to capture liquidation profits or exploit price movements. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Bots](https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-bots/) Automated scripts that manipulate transaction ordering to profit from pending trades in the mempool. ⎊ Definition ## [Transaction Front-Running](https://term.greeks.live/term/transaction-front-running/) Meaning ⎊ Transaction front-running exploits information asymmetry in the mempool to capture value from pending trades, increasing execution costs and risk for options market makers. ⎊ Definition ## [HFT Front-Running](https://term.greeks.live/term/hft-front-running/) Meaning ⎊ HFT front-running in crypto options exploits public mempool visibility and oracle latency to preempt transactions, extracting value through automated strategies and priority gas auctions. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Mechanism](https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-mechanism/) Meaning ⎊ Front-running in crypto options exploits mempool transparency to extract value from predictable price shifts caused by large orders or liquidations. ⎊ Definition ## [Market Front-Running](https://term.greeks.live/term/market-front-running/) Meaning ⎊ Market front-running exploits information asymmetry in decentralized transaction queues, allowing actors to profit from foreknowledge of price changes in underlying assets to trade options at favorable rates. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Defense](https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-defense/) Strategies and technologies used to protect transactions from being exploited by malicious bots in the public mempool. ⎊ Definition ## [Oracle Front Running](https://term.greeks.live/term/oracle-front-running/) Meaning ⎊ Oracle front running exploits the predictable delay between price feed updates and protocol settlement to execute arbitrage trades at stale prices. ⎊ Definition ## [Mempool Front-Running](https://term.greeks.live/definition/mempool-front-running/) Exploiting pending transactions in a blockchain mempool to execute a trade ahead of the original user for profit. ⎊ Definition ## [Generalized Front-Running](https://term.greeks.live/term/generalized-front-running/) Meaning ⎊ Generalized front-running exploits transaction ordering to extract value from predictable state changes within decentralized derivatives protocols. ⎊ Definition ## [AMM Front-Running](https://term.greeks.live/term/amm-front-running/) Meaning ⎊ AMM front-running exploits options AMM pricing functions by reordering transactions in the mempool to capture value from changes in implied volatility caused by pending trades. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Vulnerabilities](https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-vulnerabilities/) Exploitation of pending transactions by bots to execute trades ahead of others, resulting in unfavorable pricing. ⎊ Definition ## [MEV Front-Running Mitigation](https://term.greeks.live/term/mev-front-running-mitigation/) Meaning ⎊ MEV Front-Running Mitigation addresses the extraction of value from options traders by preventing searchers from exploiting information asymmetry in transaction ordering. ⎊ Definition ## [Front-Running Defense Mechanisms](https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-defense-mechanisms/) Meaning ⎊ Front-running defense mechanisms are cryptographic and economic strategies designed to protect crypto options markets from value extraction by obscuring order flow and eliminating time-based execution advantages. ⎊ Definition --- ## Raw Schema Data ```json { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://term.greeks.live/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Area", "item": "https://term.greeks.live/area/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Back Running", "item": "https://term.greeks.live/area/back-running/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4, "name": "Resource 1", "item": "https://term.greeks.live/area/back-running/resource/1/" } ] } ``` ```json { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is the Mechanism of Back Running?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Back running is a predatory trading strategy where an actor observes a pending transaction in a blockchain's mempool and executes a new transaction immediately after it to profit from the resulting price movement. 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The object features a metallic propeller at the front, a streamlined body in blue and white, and distinct green fins at the rear." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-liquidations/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-liquidations/", "headline": "Front-Running Liquidations", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Front-running liquidations exploit public transaction data to profit from forced sales in decentralized options protocols, transferring value from users to sophisticated automated agents. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-16T08:19:33+00:00", "dateModified": "2025-12-16T08:19:33+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/tokenized-derivative-contract-mechanism-visualizing-collateralized-debt-position-interoperability-and-defi-protocol-linkage.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "Two distinct abstract tubes intertwine, forming a complex knot structure. One tube is a smooth, cream-colored shape, while the other is dark blue with a bright, neon green line running along its length." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/mev-front-running/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/mev-front-running/", "headline": "MEV Front-Running", "description": "Inserting transactions ahead of others in the mempool to capture liquidation profits or exploit price movements. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-16T08:54:01+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-03-30T11:46:38+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/high-frequency-trading-bot-visualizing-crypto-perpetual-futures-market-volatility-and-structured-product-design.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "An abstract 3D object featuring sharp angles and interlocking components in dark blue, light blue, white, and neon green colors against a dark background. The design is futuristic, with a pointed front and a circular, green-lit core structure within its frame." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-bots/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-bots/", "headline": "Front-Running Bots", "description": "Automated scripts that manipulate transaction ordering to profit from pending trades in the mempool. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-16T09:07:16+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-04-04T09:57:57+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/decentralized-perpetual-futures-liquidity-pool-engine-simulating-options-greeks-volatility-and-risk-management.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A high-angle view of a futuristic mechanical component in shades of blue, white, and dark blue, featuring glowing green accents. The object has multiple cylindrical sections and a lens-like element at the front." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/transaction-front-running/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/transaction-front-running/", "headline": "Transaction Front-Running", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Transaction front-running exploits information asymmetry in the mempool to capture value from pending trades, increasing execution costs and risk for options market makers. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-16T09:09:32+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-04T15:41:56+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/decentralized-derivatives-liquidity-architecture-visualization-showing-perpetual-futures-market-mechanics-and-algorithmic-price-discovery.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A detailed abstract visualization presents a sleek, futuristic object composed of intertwined segments in dark blue, cream, and brilliant green. The object features a sharp, pointed front end and a complex, circular mechanism at the rear, suggesting motion or energy processing." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/hft-front-running/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/hft-front-running/", "headline": "HFT Front-Running", "description": "Meaning ⎊ HFT front-running in crypto options exploits public mempool visibility and oracle latency to preempt transactions, extracting value through automated strategies and priority gas auctions. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-16T09:13:59+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-04T15:45:19+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/precision-algorithmic-trading-engine-for-decentralized-derivatives-valuation-and-automated-hedging-strategies.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A high-tech, futuristic mechanical object, possibly a precision drone component or sensor module, is rendered in a dark blue, cream, and bright blue color palette. The front features a prominent, glowing green circular element reminiscent of an active lens or data input sensor, set against a dark, minimal background." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-mechanism/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-mechanism/", "headline": "Front-Running Mechanism", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Front-running in crypto options exploits mempool transparency to extract value from predictable price shifts caused by large orders or liquidations. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-16T09:49:50+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-04T15:47:01+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/decentralized-market-flow-dynamics-and-collateralized-debt-position-structuring-in-financial-derivatives.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "The image displays an abstract visualization featuring fluid, diagonal bands of dark navy blue. A prominent central element consists of layers of cream, teal, and a bright green rectangular bar, running parallel to the dark background bands." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/market-front-running/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/market-front-running/", "headline": "Market Front-Running", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Market front-running exploits information asymmetry in decentralized transaction queues, allowing actors to profit from foreknowledge of price changes in underlying assets to trade options at favorable rates. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-16T10:05:35+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-04T15:50:51+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/tokenized-derivative-contract-mechanism-visualizing-collateralized-debt-position-interoperability-and-defi-protocol-linkage.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "Two distinct abstract tubes intertwine, forming a complex knot structure. One tube is a smooth, cream-colored shape, while the other is dark blue with a bright, neon green line running along its length." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-defense/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-defense/", "headline": "Front-Running Defense", "description": "Strategies and technologies used to protect transactions from being exploited by malicious bots in the public mempool. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-16T10:10:28+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-03-23T16:15:30+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/high-frequency-trading-bot-visualizing-crypto-perpetual-futures-market-volatility-and-structured-product-design.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "An abstract 3D object featuring sharp angles and interlocking components in dark blue, light blue, white, and neon green colors against a dark background. The design is futuristic, with a pointed front and a circular, green-lit core structure within its frame." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/oracle-front-running/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/oracle-front-running/", "headline": "Oracle Front Running", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Oracle front running exploits the predictable delay between price feed updates and protocol settlement to execute arbitrage trades at stale prices. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-16T10:21:36+00:00", "dateModified": "2025-12-16T10:21:36+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/algorithmic-execution-engine-for-decentralized-perpetual-contracts-and-integrated-liquidity-provision-protocols.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A detailed 3D rendering showcases a futuristic mechanical component in shades of blue and cream, featuring a prominent green glowing internal core. The object is composed of an angular outer structure surrounding a complex, spiraling central mechanism with a precise front-facing shaft." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/mempool-front-running/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/mempool-front-running/", "headline": "Mempool Front-Running", "description": "Exploiting pending transactions in a blockchain mempool to execute a trade ahead of the original user for profit. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-16T11:07:28+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-04-05T06:16:20+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/high-frequency-trading-algorithmic-execution-vehicle-for-options-derivatives-and-perpetual-futures-contracts.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A high-angle, dark background renders a futuristic, metallic object resembling a train car or high-speed vehicle. The object features glowing green outlines and internal elements at its front section, contrasting with the dark blue and silver body." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/generalized-front-running/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/generalized-front-running/", "headline": "Generalized Front-Running", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Generalized front-running exploits transaction ordering to extract value from predictable state changes within decentralized derivatives protocols. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-17T08:37:10+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-04T16:18:17+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/high-frequency-trading-bot-visualizing-crypto-perpetual-futures-market-volatility-and-structured-product-design.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "An abstract 3D object featuring sharp angles and interlocking components in dark blue, light blue, white, and neon green colors against a dark background. The design is futuristic, with a pointed front and a circular, green-lit core structure within its frame." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/amm-front-running/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/amm-front-running/", "headline": "AMM Front-Running", "description": "Meaning ⎊ AMM front-running exploits options AMM pricing functions by reordering transactions in the mempool to capture value from changes in implied volatility caused by pending trades. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-17T09:16:09+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-04T16:29:47+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/algorithmic-trading-infrastructure-visualization-demonstrating-automated-market-maker-risk-management-and-oracle-feed-integration.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A close-up view of a high-tech mechanical component, rendered in dark blue and black with vibrant green internal parts and green glowing circuit patterns on its surface. Precision pieces are attached to the front section of the cylindrical object, which features intricate internal gears visible through a green ring." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-vulnerabilities/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/definition/front-running-vulnerabilities/", "headline": "Front-Running Vulnerabilities", "description": "Exploitation of pending transactions by bots to execute trades ahead of others, resulting in unfavorable pricing. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-20T09:14:48+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-03-15T06:34:01+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/high-frequency-trading-algorithmic-execution-predatory-market-dynamics-and-order-book-latency-arbitrage.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "The image displays a close-up view of a high-tech robotic claw with three distinct, segmented fingers. The design features dark blue armor plating, light beige joint sections, and prominent glowing green lights on the tips and main body." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/mev-front-running-mitigation/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/mev-front-running-mitigation/", "headline": "MEV Front-Running Mitigation", "description": "Meaning ⎊ MEV Front-Running Mitigation addresses the extraction of value from options traders by preventing searchers from exploiting information asymmetry in transaction ordering. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-20T09:31:33+00:00", "dateModified": "2025-12-20T09:31:33+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/algorithmic-execution-of-exotic-options-strategies-for-optimal-portfolio-risk-adjustment-and-volatility-mitigation.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A stylized, asymmetrical, high-tech object composed of dark blue, light beige, and vibrant green geometric panels. The design features sharp angles and a central glowing green element, reminiscent of a futuristic shield." } }, { "@type": "Article", "@id": "https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-defense-mechanisms/", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/term/front-running-defense-mechanisms/", "headline": "Front-Running Defense Mechanisms", "description": "Meaning ⎊ Front-running defense mechanisms are cryptographic and economic strategies designed to protect crypto options markets from value extraction by obscuring order flow and eliminating time-based execution advantages. ⎊ Definition", "datePublished": "2025-12-20T10:18:33+00:00", "dateModified": "2026-01-04T18:24:22+00:00", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Greeks.live", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/author/greeks-live/" }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/decentralized-perpetual-futures-liquidity-pool-engine-simulating-options-greeks-volatility-and-risk-management.jpg", "width": 3850, "height": 2166, "caption": "A high-angle view of a futuristic mechanical component in shades of blue, white, and dark blue, featuring glowing green accents. The object has multiple cylindrical sections and a lens-like element at the front." } } ], "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://term.greeks.live/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/precision-algorithmic-trading-engine-for-decentralized-derivatives-valuation-and-automated-hedging-strategies.jpg" } } ``` --- **Original URL:** https://term.greeks.live/area/back-running/resource/1/