# 51 Percent Attacks ⎊ Area ⎊ Resource 2

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## What is the Exploit of 51 Percent Attacks?

A critical vulnerability where a single entity or coordinated group achieves control over the majority of a blockchain's hashing power or stake, enabling transaction reversal or double-spending. This threat vector directly compromises the finality required for options settlement and derivative clearing. Such an event introduces extreme counterparty risk across the entire ecosystem reliant on that chain's ledger integrity.

## What is the Consensus of 51 Percent Attacks?

The mechanism underpinning block validation becomes subverted when a majority stake is weaponized against the network's intended operation. Maintaining robust, decentralized consensus is the primary defense against this form of market manipulation. Quantitative analysts must model the probability of such an attack when assessing long-term protocol viability.

## What is the Consequence of 51 Percent Attacks?

Successful execution results in the invalidation of recent on-chain transactions, leading to potential liquidation failures and the erosion of trust in asset provenance. For derivatives markets, this necessitates clear, pre-defined settlement procedures outside the compromised chain to manage exposure. Prudent risk management requires understanding the economic threshold for such an attack to materialize.


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## [Protocol Settlement Finality](https://term.greeks.live/term/protocol-settlement-finality/)

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**Original URL:** https://term.greeks.live/area/51-percent-attacks/resource/2/